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.The Book of Kings is the ninth book of the or the eleventh and twelfth books of the Christian. It concludes the, a history of Israel also comprising the books of and and the, which believe was written to provide a explanation for the by Babylon in c. 586 BCE and a foundation for a return from. The two books of Kings present a from the death of King to the release of from imprisonment in Babylon, a period of some 400 years ( c. Scholars tend to treat the books as made up of a first edition from the late 7th century BCE and a second and final edition from the mid 6th century BCE. Jeremiah Lamenting the Destruction of Jerusalem, c. Textual history In the Hebrew Bible (the Bible used by Jews), First and Second Kings are a single book, as are the First and Second.
When this was translated into in the last few centuries BCE, Kings was joined with Samuel in a four-part work called the. Orthodox Christians continue to use the Greek translation (the ), but when a Latin translation (called the ) was made for the Western church, Kingdoms was first retitled the Book of Kings, parts One to Four, and eventually both Kings and Samuel were separated into two books each.Then, what it is now commonly known as 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel are called by, in imitation of, 1 Kings and 2 Kings respectively. What it is now commonly known as 1 Kings and 2 Kings would be 3 Kings and 4 Kings in old Bibles before the year 1516 such as the Vulgate and the Septuagint respectively. The division we know today, used by Protestant Bibles and adopted by Catholics, came into use in 1517.
Some Bibles still preserve the old denomination, for example, the. The Deuteronomistic history According to Jewish tradition the author of Kings was, who would have been alive during the fall of Jerusalem in 586 BCE. The most common view today accepts 's thesis that Kings concludes a unified series of books which reflect the language and theology of the, and which biblical scholars therefore call the. Noth argued that the History was the work of a single individual living in the 6th century BCE, but scholars today tend to treat it as made up of at least two layers, a first edition from the time of (late 7th century BCE), promoting Josiah's religious reforms and the need for repentance, and (2) a second and final edition from the mid 6th century BCE.
Further levels of editing have also been proposed, including: a late 8th century BCE edition pointing to of Judah as the model for kingship; an earlier 8th century BCE version with a similar message but identifying of Israel as the ideal king; and an even earlier version promoting the House of David as the key to national well-being. Sources The editors/authors of the Deuteronomistic history cite a number of sources, including (for example) a ' and, frequently, the ' and a separate book, '. The 'Deuteronomic' perspective (that of the book of Deuteronomy) is particularly evident in prayers and speeches spoken by key figures at major transition points: Solomon's speech at the dedication of the Temple is a key example. The sources have been heavily edited to meet the Deuteronomistic agenda, but in the broadest sense they appear to have been:. For the rest of Solomon's reign the text names its source as 'the book of the acts of Solomon', but other sources were employed, and much was added by the redactor.
Israel and Judah: The two 'chronicles' of Israel and Judah provided the chronological framework, but few details apart from the succession of monarchs and the account of how the was progressively stripped as true religion declined. A third source, or set of sources, were cycles of stories about various prophets ( and, and ), plus a few smaller miscellaneous traditions. The conclusion of the book (2 Kings 25:18–21, 27–30) was probably based on personal knowledge.
A few sections were editorial additions not based on sources. These include various predictions of the downfall of the northern kingdom, the equivalent prediction of the downfall of Judah following the reign of, the extension of 's reforms in accordance with the laws of, and the revision of the narrative from concerning Judah's last days.Themes and genre.
TheKings is 'history-like' rather than history in the modern sense, mixing legends, folktales, miracle stories and 'fictional constructions' in with the annals, and its primary explanation for all that happens is God's offended sense of what is right; it is therefore more fruitful to read it as theological literature in the form of history. Main article:The standard Hebrew text of Kings presents an impossible chronology. To take just a single example, 's accession to the throne of Israel in the 31st year of (1 Kings 16:23) cannot follow the death of his predecessor in the 27th year of Asa (1 Kings 16:15). The Greek text corrects the impossibilities but does not seem to represent an earlier version. A large number of scholars have claimed to solve the difficulties, but the results differ, sometimes widely, and none has achieved consensus status. Kings and 2 Chronicles The book 2 covers much the same time-period as the books of Kings, but it ignores the northern almost completely, David is given a major role in planning the Temple, is given a much more far-reaching program of reform, and is given an opportunity to repent of his sins, apparently to account for his long reign. It is usually assumed that the author of Chronicles used Kings as a source and emphasised different areas as he would have liked it to have been interpreted.
See also.References. ^ Sweeney, p.
^ Fretheim, p. 7. ^ Grabbe, Lester L. 1 & 2 Kings: An Introduction and Study Guide: History and Story in Ancient Israel (1 ed.). T&T Clark. Fretheim, p.
19. Fretheim, p. 40. Fretheim, p. 20.
Sweeney, p. 161. Tomes, p. 246., Catholic Encyclopedia, Wiki source, 1913.
(Douay Rheims ed.), DRBO. Spieckermann, p. 337.
Perdue, xxvii. Wilson, p. 85. Sweeney, p. 4. Van Seters, p.
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307. McKenzie, pp.
281–84. Nelson, pp. Sutherland, p. 489. Fretheim, pp.
10–14. Sutherland, p. 490.
Sweeney, p. 43.
Sweeney, pp. 43–44. Nelson, p. 44. Moore & Kelle, pp. 269–71. ^ Sutherland, p.
147Bibliography Commentaries on Kings. Knight, Douglas A (1995). 'Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomists'. In Mays, James Luther; Petersen, David L.; Richards, Kent Harold (eds.). T&T Clark. Knight, Douglas A (1991). In Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (eds.).
Mercer University Press. Leuchter, Mark; Adam, Klaus-Peter (2010). In Leuchter, Mark; Adam, Klaus-Peter; Adam, Karl-Peter (eds.). Fortress Press.
Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E (2011). Eerdmans. McKenzie, Steven L (1994). 'The Books of Kings'. In McKenzie, Steven L.; Patrick Graham, Matt (eds.). Sheffield Academic Press.
Perdue, Leo G (2001). 'Preface: The Hebrew Bible in Current Research'. In Perdue, Leo G. Blackwell.
Spieckerman, Hermann (2001). 'The Deuteronomistic History'. In Perdue, Leo G. Blackwell. Sutherland, Ray (1991).
'Kings, Books of, First and Second'. In Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (eds.). Mercer University Press. Tomes, Roger (2003).
'1 and 2 Kings'. In Dunn, James D.G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.).
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Eerdmans. Van Seters, John (1997). Eisenbrauns. Walton, John H (2009). 'The Deuteronomistic History'. In Hill, Andrew E.; Walton, John H. Zondervan.
Wilson, Robert R (1995). 'The Former Prophets: Reading the Books of Kings'. In Mays, James Luther; Petersen, David L.; Harold Richards, Kent (eds.). Continuum International.External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to.has original text related to this article.
Contents.Early life Charles was born in, in the royal residence of the, on 3 December 1368, the son of the king of France, of the, and of. As heir to the French throne, his older brothers having died before he was born, Charles held the title.King of France Regency At his father's death on 16 September 1380, he inherited the throne of France. His coronation took place on 4 November 1380, at. Charles VI was only 11 years old when he was crowned King of France. During his minority, France was ruled by Charles' uncles, as regents. Although the royal was 14 (the ' under Roman Catholic ), Charles terminated the regency only at the age of 21.The regents were, and – all brothers of Charles V – along with, Charles VI's maternal uncle.
Philip took the dominant role during the regency. Louis of Anjou was fighting for his claim to the after 1382, dying in 1384; John of Berry was interested mainly in the, and not particularly interested in politics; and Louis of Bourbon was a largely unimportant figure, owing to his personality (showing signs of mental instability) and status (since he was not the son of a king).During the rule of his uncles, the financial resources of the kingdom, painstakingly built up by his father, were squandered for the personal profit of the dukes, whose interests were frequently divergent or even opposing. During that time, the power of the royal administration was strengthened and taxes re-established. The latter policy represented a reversal of the deathbed decision of the king's father Charles V to repeal taxes, and led to tax revolts, known as the. Increased tax revenues were needed to support the self-serving policies of the king's uncles, whose interests were frequently in conflict with those of the crown and with each other. The (1382), for example, brilliantly won by the royal troops, was prosecuted solely for the benefit of Philip of Burgundy. The treasury surplus carefully accumulated by Charles V was quickly squandered.Charles VI brought the regency to an end in 1388, taking up personal rule.
He restored to power the highly competent advisors of Charles V, known as the, who ushered in a new period of high esteem for the crown. Charles VI was widely referred to as Charles the Beloved by his subjects.Wife and children He married on 17 July 1385, when he was 17 and she 14 (and considered an adult at the time). Isabeau had 12 children, most of whom died young.
Isabeau's first child, named Charles, was born in 1386, and was (heir apparent), but survived only 3 months. Her second child, Joan, was born on 14 June 1388, but died in 1390. Her third child, was born in 1389. She was married to in 1396, at the age of 6, and became Queen of England. Richard died in 1400 and they had no children. Richard's successor, wanted Isabella then to marry his son, 14-year-old future king, but she refused. She was married again in 1406, this time to her cousin, at the age of 17.
She died in childbirth at the age of 19.Isabeau's fourth child, was born in 1391, and was married to in 1396, at an age of 5; they had children. Isabeau's fifth child born in 1392 was also named Charles, and was Dauphin. The young Charles was betrothed to in 1396, but died at the age of 9. Isabeau's sixth child, was born in 1393. She was never married, and had no children.
Isabeau's seventh child, was born in 1395. She was engaged to, son of, Duke of Burgundy, in 1404 (both were then aged 8) and they were married in 1409, aged 14. She had one child who died in infancy, before she died in 1422, aged 27.Isabeau's eighth child, was born in 1397, and was also Dauphin. He married Margaret of Burgundy, who had previously been betrothed to his brother Charles.
The marriage produced no children by the time of Louis's death in 1415, aged 18.Isabeau's ninth child, was born in 1398, and was also Dauphin from 1415, after the death of his brother Louis. He was married to in 1415, then aged 17, but they did not have any children before he died in 1417, aged 19. Isabeau's tenth child, was born in 1401. She was married firstly to in 1420, and they had one child, who became. Henry V died suddenly in 1422. Catherine may then have secretly married in 1429 and had additional children, including, the father of. She died in 1437, aged 36.
Charles seized by madness in the forest near Le MansIsabeau's eleventh child, also named, was born in 1403. In 1413, Queen Isabeau and finalized a marriage contract between Charles and Yolande's daughter, Charles' second cousin. Since both Dauphin Louis and then Dauphin John died while in the care of, the Duke of Burgundy and regent for Charles, Yolande became Charles' guardian. Charles became the new Dauphin in 1417 upon the death of his brother John. Now with the heir to the throne of France under her protection, Yolande refused Queen Isabeau's orders to return Charles to the French Court, reportedly replying, 'We have not nurtured and cherished this one for you to make him die like his brothers or to go mad like his father, or to become English like you.
I keep him for my own. Come and take him away, if you dare.' After the death of Charles VI in 1422, the English regents claimed the crown of France for Henry VI, then aged 1, according to the terms of the Treaty of Troyes. However, Charles, aged 19, repudiated the treaty and claimed the throne for himself as King Charles VII, sparking fresh fighting with the English. His marriage to Marie of Anjou in 1422 produced many children, most of whom died at a very early age. Charles VII died in 1461 at age 58, the most long-lived of Isabeau's children.Isabeau's twelfth and the last child, Philip, was born in 1407, but died shortly after.Reign Mental illness.
A coin of Charles VI, a 'double d'or', minted in in 1420Charles VI's early successes with the Marmousets as his counselors quickly dissipated as a result of the bouts of he experienced from his mid-twenties. Mental illness may have been passed on for several generations through his mother,. Although still called by his subjects Charles the Beloved, he became known also as Charles the Mad.Charles's first known episode occurred in 1392 when his friend and advisor, was the victim of an attempted murder. Although Clisson survived, Charles was determined to punish the would-be assassin, who had taken refuge in. Was unwilling to hand him over, so Charles prepared a military expedition.Contemporaries said Charles appeared to be in a 'fever' to begin the campaign and disconnected in his speech. Charles set off with an army on 1 July 1392.
The progress of the army was slow, driving Charles into a frenzy of impatience. As the king and his escort were traveling through the forest near on a hot August morning, a barefoot leper dressed in rags rushed up to the King's horse and grabbed his bridle.
'Ride no further, noble King!' He yelled: 'Turn back! You are betrayed!' The king's escorts beat the man back, but did not arrest him, and he followed the procession for half an hour, repeating his cries. The company emerged from the forest at noon.
A page who was drowsy from the sun dropped the king's lance, which clanged loudly against a steel helmet carried by another page. Charles shuddered, drew his sword and yelled 'Forward against the traitors! They wish to deliver me to the enemy!' The king spurred his horse and began swinging his sword at his companions, fighting until one of his chamberlains and a group of soldiers were able to grab him from his mount and lay him on the ground. He lay still and did not react, but then fell into a coma.
The king had killed a knight known as 'The Bastard of Polignac' and several other men.Periods of mental illness continued throughout the king's life. During one in 1393, he could not remember his name and did not know he was king. When his wife came to visit, he asked his servants who she was and ordered them to take care of what she required so that she would leave him alone.
During an episode in 1395–96 he claimed he was and that his coat of arms was a lion with a sword thrust through it. At this time, he recognized all the officers of his household, but did not know his wife nor his children. Sometimes he ran wildly through the corridors of his Parisian residence, the, and to keep him inside, the entrances were walled up.
In 1405, he refused to bathe or change his clothes for five months. His later psychotic episodes were not described in detail, perhaps because of the similarity of his behavior and delusions., who was born during the reign of Charles VI, wrote in his Commentaries that there were times when Charles thought that he was made of glass, and thus tried to protect himself in various ways so that he would not break.
He reportedly had iron rods sewn into his clothes so that he would not shatter if he came into contact with another person. This condition has come to be known as.Charles VI's secretary, Pierre Salmon, spent much time in discussions with the king while he was intermittently psychotic. In an effort to find a cure for the king's illness, stabilize the turbulent political situation, and secure his own future, Salmon supervised the production of two distinct versions of the beautifully illuminated guidebooks to good kingship known as Pierre Salmon's Dialogues. Bal des Ardents. Ancestors of Charles VI of France8.4.9.2.11.5.11.1. Charles VI of France12.6.13.3.14.7.15.Marriage and issue Charles VI married (ca.
1371 – 24 September 1435) on 17 July 1385. She gave birth to 12 children:NameBirthDeathNotesCharles,25 September 138628 December 1386Died young. First Dauphin.Jeanne14 June 13881390Died young.9 November 138913 September 1409Married (1), in 1396.
No issue.Married (2), in 1406. Had issue.24 January 139127 September 1433Married, in 1396. Had issue.Charles, Dauphin of Viennois6 February 139213 January 1401Died young. Second Dauphin.
Engaged to after his birth.22 August 139319 August 1438Never married – became an. Died of the11 January 13958 July 1422Married, in 1409. Had no surviving issue.22 January 139718 December 1415Married. Third Dauphin.31 August 13985 April 1417Married, in 1415. Fourth Dauphin.27 October 14013 January 1437Married (1), in 1420. Had issue.Married (?) (2). Had issue.22 February 140321 July 1461The fifth Dauphin became Charles VII, King of France, after his father's death.Married in 1422.
Had issue.Philip10 November 1407November 1407Died young.He also had one illegitimate child by: (d.
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